Freedom of speech in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freedom of speech in the United States - Essay Example The subject of free speech is among the most contentious issues in the liberal countries such as the United States (Sunstein, np). Freedom of expression becomes a volatile matter when it is highly valued. The reason for this being that only then does the boundaries placed upon it turn out to be controversial. The appropriate philosophical framework for deciding the free speech cases can be as follows: The first issue to take into consideration in any sensible argument for freedom of expression is that it will have to be restricted. It is prudent as a justice to establish whether the case does not go beyond the limitations of freedom of expression. Furthermore, it must determine whether the case is tantamount to violation of the National Defence Authorization Act provision. Important controversies that arise in free speech can be resolved by clear definition of the limits of freedom of expression. One manner of solving this is to stipulate noticeably the issues that are considered to be beyond the restrictions of free speech. The thing that ought to be protected is the interest of the people in light of exercising their freedom of expression (Calvert et al., 635). Like, in this case, the concerns of the defendant should be protected by the law regardless of his opinion towards the government. What’s more, in as much as the freedom of speech is vital to the people, there are some things that should be circumscribed. For instance, the people should be restricted to engage on issues that are a threat to the national security, as well as private security.

Digital Image Metadata and Exif files - Forensics Research Paper

Digital Image Metadata and Exif files - Forensics - Research Paper Example (University of Reading, 2011) Data of raster images are represented in the form of a pixel which is the smallest part of a display screen. Each pixel represents the colour and its intensity. Raster is a display space of x and y grid for two dimension image and x, y and z coordinate for three dimension images. The raster images are difficult to modify without loosing any information as they are mapped directly to the raster space. The size of raster image files is usually far more than the size of vector image files. The most common types of raster images files include BMP, GIF, TIFF, JPEG and PNG. (Whatis.com?, 1997) Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) type of digital images contains complete information about the images and no data is lost when saved. It is generally referred as â€Å"lossless† format. Their sizes are too big to be suitable for delivery by web. (University of Reading, 2011) Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) type of digital images compresses data when saved. It looses its data whenever any modification is done and therefore generally referred as â€Å"lossy† format. It is good for delivery of photographic images by web. (University of Reading, 2011) Graphical Interchange Format (GIF) type of digital images is used for icons and graphics having limited range of colours. It does not loose information when saved and therefore generally referred as â€Å"lossless† format. It is good only for some types of images and used mostly on internet. (University of Reading, 2011) Portable Network Graphics (PNG) type of digital images is added recently in graphics file types. It has better compression result and support true colours. It is high quality and small size digital image file. (University of Reading, 2011) Data of vector images on the other hand is represented by vector objects which are geometrical figures such as lines, circles, rectangles, curves and many more shapes of geometry. Scaling, transformation, resizing, and resha ping are accurately done on vector images as its data is based on mathematical instructions. The most common types of vector image files have extension of SVG. They are used in software that is dedicated towards drawing and illustration such as Adobe Flash, CorelDraw, Inkscape, ACD Canvas, etc. Figure 1 shows comparison between digital images of Raster and Vector types. (JISC Digital Media, 2009) Figure 1: Comparison of Raster Images and Vector Images (JISC Digital Media, 2009) Metadata Metadata is the digital information that describes structure and relationship amongst different contents of digital data files. Earlier databases stored metadata as headers of the actual data files. Metadata is stored in a separate database file generally referred as registry or repository. For example, Windows operating system have registry in which the structure of entire hardware, device drivers and actual data is stored. (Bargmeyer & Gillman) The simplest example of metadata is an index of a book which gives the name of the chapters in the book and page numbers where it is located. If an index is removed from the book, it becomes extremely difficult to find any chapter whenever some information is needed. Similarly, metadata helps in organizing, storing, processing, retrieving and displaying contents of a data file which is otherwise meaningless. Metadata adds meaning to a data file by interpreting its contents according to its context. Digital Image files did not have

7 main approaches in psychology Essay Example for Free

7 main approaches in psychology Essay *Many psychologists may believe that each perspective has valid explanations depending on the specific situation, and this point of view is called eclectic. This term refers to the claim that no one perspective has all the answers to the variety of human thought and behavior. Psychologists tend to use various perspectives in their work depending on which point of view fits best with the explanation. Humanistic (1950s-Present) Carl Rogers-Person-centered therapy and unconditional positive regard Abraham Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs and Self-Actualization Unique aspects of human experience Belief that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional or spiritual needs. Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (1900-Present) Sigmund Freud-Personality and States of Consciousness Carl Jung-the most important and lifelong task imposed upon any person is fulfillment through the process of individuation, achievement of harmony of conscious and unconscious, which makes a person one and whole Alfred Adler-IndividualPPsychology, a term which is sometimes misunderstood. It refers to the indivisibility of the personality in its psychological structure. Unconscious determinants of behavior Belief that the unconscious minda part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access tocontrols much of our thought and action. Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders.  Roger Sperry-showed that if the two hemispheres of the brain are separated by severing the corpus callosum (the large band of fibers that connects them), the transfer of information between the hemispheres ceases, and the coexistence in the same individual of two functionally different brains can be demonstrated. George Miller-The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information Physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior. How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Evolutionary/Darwinian (Also called sociobiologists) (1980s-Present) David Buss-His primary interests include the evolutionary psychology of human mating strategies; conflict between the sexes; prestige, status, and social reputation; the emotion of jealousy; homicide; anti-homicide defenses; and stalking. Charles Darwin-the Origin of Species in 1850. Evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals. Examines human thought and behavior in terms of natural selection. Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success. B.F. Skinner-Operant Conditioning and invented the Skinner Box Effects of environment on the overt behavior of human and animals. Explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning and look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors. Belief that only observable events (stimulus response relationships) can be studied scientifically.  Noam Chomsky-Theorized the critical-period for language acquisition Herbert Simon-one of the founding fathers of modern research in artificial intelligence Ulric Neisser-focused on pattern recognition, visual search, brief information processing, and memory. Thoughts; mental process Examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. The rules that we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do. Overall, human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information.

Darker Elements in Peter Pan Essay -- Literature Analysis

â€Å"To die will be an awfully big adventure,† seems like a quote that would be found in anything but a children’s story. However, it is spoken by innocent Peter, in James Barrie’s Peter Pan. This simplistic tale of a boy who longs to remain young and his countless adventures has fascinated many children over the years, while intriguing many adults. At a glance, this story is merely an entertaining tale that entrances its young audience with magic and adventure, but below the surface, it is filled with a completely deeper meaning. The other meaning contains darker elements that are often missed by the children reading it, including the pirates, Tinker Bell, and the ever constant element of death. At the age when children read Peter Pan, they don’t think that there is anything more than what is written. However, as the reader grows older and wiser, they are able to see elements of some literature, like Peter Pan, that they were not able to comprehend previously. For example, many of the male figures in Peter Pan like the pirates are clearly pedophiles. They spend their time chasing afte...

Marketing Mix Essay

Introduction Companies today try their best to continue to keep up with the changes of services, products and technology. Companies rely on their abilities in marketing to keep consumers interested in their products and services. The success of a company may rely on the company’s marketing performance. Marketing planning starts by thinking of the targeted audience needs, strategies, and the development of the products and or service needed. Developing a marketing strategy will consist of the marketing mix. The marketing mix is â€Å"the strategic plan that defines the company’s overall mission and objectives†. (Armstrong & Kotler, 2011) Sprint will be used as an example as to how they implement the marketing mix to their company. Sprint’s overall mission and objective is â€Å"To be No. 1 in providing a simple, instant, enriching and productive customer experience†. (Sprint, 2012) The marketing mix includes the four Ps (elements) of marketing. The four Ps are product, place, pricing, and promotion. To better explain how the four Ps work in a company we will see how Sprint applies the four Ps to their company. Frist P Element: Products Sprint is constantly trying to keep up with the technology changes to ensure customer satisfaction. â€Å"Sprint is one of the premier wireless providers for smart phones in the US†. (Sprint, 2012) Sprint cells top of the line phones and phone services for residential customers as well as business customers. Sprint is not limited to just new products or service, but to enhance products or services that are already established as well. Marketer’s decisions on products are based on the nature of what the customer’s needs are. For Sprint to make sure they are listening to their customers and to know what their needs are they have blogs and chatting sessions on their website where everyone from customers to employees can share their comments, ideas, suggestions and opinions about improving products and services that are already established. Improvements can consist of phones to be able to handle more information or new technology added to the phones. Improvements can also be as simple as color or size. Decisions on products are also by the targeted customer (younger=texting abilities, older=tracking system for their children, oldest=being able to see the numbers on the key pad). Improvements may also be a wider range of service accessibility for fewer calls dropped. Second P Element: Place Where can Sprint be accessible to their targeted audience? Sprint makes themselves available through their website, kiosks in malls, as well as local Sprint stores. All places provide the phones and services needed. Not only regular customers are targeted, businesses are targeted as well. Sprint offers plans for businesses which provide packages which consist of several phones on one plan. The business plans are specifically designed to make it easier to conduct daily business transactions. The store supplies physical one-on-one people for those customers who prefer the person-to-person interaction. The store also provides a hands-on scenario where customers are free to look at the phones and see what they look, sound and feel like. The store provides a comfortable opportunity for the customers to make a personal educated choice. On the other hand, Sprint also provides their website. Sprint’s website provides a wider range of phone choices (new and used), wide range of services (phone service, wireless service, etc.) and for customers that need to ask question, Sprint provides online help (chat session, contact numbers, website links). The kiosk is just a convenience catcher. It is in a mall in hopes that a passing by customer will catch a glimpse of the products and be curious enough to stop, ask questions and possibly purchase a product on their way to another store. The store, website and kiosk are designed to give the customers all the tools and information needed to make the best choice for their personal or business needs. Sprint prides itself to making sure all their bases are covered and provides total accessibility to their customers in order to provide them with quick and convenient service available. In marketing a place is also known as the warehouse where, in this case, Sprint houses their phones for distribution so it is available for its customers. Third P Element: Pricing Pricing is a crucial part of the four Ps. Price is also considered a flexible marketing mix element. Marketers must consider the research, development, and services when pricing. In addition, marketers have to think about the how their company will price their products and services based on how much they will spend on fabrication and how competitors are pricing the same products and services. Customers are an important thought in the pricing process as well because they are the ones that are going to produce the revenue for the company. Marketers are also at the mercy of the economy; they will have to price low enough to get a good number of customers and gain a profit, but no low enough that they will get financially hurt in the process. Producing the right or good price for products and or services a company might have to consider redesigning products and services that may already exist. Sprint might offer better phones at a lower service plan or a better service with less expensive plan. Many times Sprint offers free phones to get new customers to purchase their service plan. Customers are given several options so that they do not feel like they are trapped picking a plan that does not accommodate their needs. Fourth P Element: Promotion The last element is promotion. â€Å"Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it†.(Armstrong &Kotler, 2011) This element is the one that helps with enticing the customers to buy their products and services. Promotions are done in numerous ways. Ways of promotion may include, but are not limited to, deals, rebates, discounts and internet sales. â€Å"Deals are short-term price reductions, commonly used to increase trial among potential customers or to retaliate against a competitor’s action†. (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2011) Deals and discounts are a very common way of promotion. Almost all retailers use deals in order to bring in existing, as well as, new customers. Sprint sometimes will have deals where you can add a particular feature to your phone service; like texting. These deals go on for a particular amount of time just so you can try it for a discounted price in hopes to get you to purchas e the feature. One common promotion that Sprint offers is rebates. Sprint gives out rebate promotions on some of their phones. A rebate, for example, is when a phone is purchased and the company (like Sprint) is willing to give you a portion or all of the money you paid for the phone for using their service. You will not be able to buy a phone without the service in order to get the rebate. At times the rebate is given when trying a new phone that they are piloting. Internet promotions are another way of getting people to buy products and services. Although Sprint is over both the store and the websites, they were able to provide in store special promotions that customers were not able to receive online. The same went for their website; they were able to provide online specials that were not given in the store. Most of the time the promotions were on phones; customers were able to purchase phones with a special on service or customers were able to purchase phones that have been refurbished or used. These particular internet promotions were not available if the customer went to the store and said that they saw the promotion online and ask if the store would honor it. Unfortunately, the answer to the customer’s question would be no. Conclusion The four Ps serve as the four main parts of the marketing mix. As shown each one of them has an individual function. Each element is equally important on its own as well as a whole of the marketing mix. All of the elements are an effective part of a successful combination. The combination consists of reaching the customer’s needs and wants and the company’s ability to produce revenue and profits. The four P elements of the marketing mix is one of the most crucial parts of a company’s marketing today and it proves to be a bit complicated at times. At times, not all customers will be satisfied and the company might suffer a loss but the ultimate goal is to be successful by any means using the help of the four Ps. References Armstrong, G. & Kotler, P. (2011). Marketing: An Introduction. (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Kerin, R. A., Hartley, S. W. & Rudelius, W. (2011). Marketing (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGrawHill Sprint.com (2012) About Sprint. Retrieved on December 20, 2012 from http://www.sprint.com/about/

The Family That Didn t Dry Up Essay - 2332 Words

The Family That Didn’t Dry Up In various forms of literature, many find that the most inspiring characters are the ones who build themselves up from nothing- those who are not meant to succeed, and yet still find a way to. They are the characters that, when the world throws the worst at them, they rise above it. The nature of the 1950’s in the United States of America is a prime example of harsh and unequal times. A plethora of literature forms portray the African American struggle in their works and the dreams their characters have in those trying times. In A Raisin in the Sun (1959), Lorraine Hansberry envisions three different dreams for characters caught in a crucible of racism and poverty: prosperity, identity, and the unity that comes from living a life of faith. Hansberry demonstrates that with her characters Mama, Beneatha, and Walter Younger. To begin with, Mama Younger, the backbone of her family, finds solidarity from her faithfulness. Throughout the play, she portrays common family values, loving and caring for her children and family. She never explicitly takes sides, even when they behave appallingly. The reason she is able to do this is not just related to her being a mother and taking care of herself last, but also because she has a devout faith she is dedicated to. It is in this that her strength is derived. Her family knows her lifestyle, and she shares her faith with them. Even more, this is seen in decisions she makes. For example, when discussing her sonShow MoreRelatedIt Was A Beautiful Summer975 Words   |  4 Pagessitting at the front along side my mum who was driving, and I had been singing old folk songs non-stop since we left the house. Mum and Dad always loved to hear us sing, they claim that it s the only thing that makes them smile. We were one happy family. All of that changed in an instance. 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The Art Of Drag And Female Impersonation - 1082 Words

From Shakespeare to the Stonewall march, the art of drag or female impersonation has always had its place in popular culture. After centuries of actors performing and perfecting this craft, drag and female impersonation has found its way into the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer (LGBTQ) communities. In New York City during the 1950’s, the LGBTQ communities embraced drag, and female impersonation in underground competitions and celebrations called balls. Here gay men and transgender people would dress in elaborate costumes, and couture outfits in order to live fantasies of superstardom, to win locally renowned titles such as: Butch queen, Realness, or Eleganza. Until the 1980’s, drag remained an underground â€Å"gay† performance art style, and was viewed as weird or abnormal by the greater public. In 1983 a gay man named RuPaul Andre Charles emerged in the Atlanta City punk scene, originally as a member of a grunge group called Wee Wee Pole. The group p layed around with many different looks, but became known in the scene for their â€Å"genderfuck† look. This was an androgynous style that played with both male and female fashion and cultural stereotypes. RuPaul soon left the Wee Wee Poles, moved to New York City, and became renowned for his elaborate gender non-conforming looks. As he emerged into popular culture, he developed his current more sanitized look, in order to introduce drag to the mainstream viewers. This sanitized look was more passable, in that he stronglyShow MoreRelatedThe Male Dan In Chinese Opera Essay2245 Words   |  9 Pagesrepresentative artist in Beijing Opera because of his perfection as a female impersonator. Cheng Dieyi, much like Mei Langfan, is the most popular male dan(female role) at the time in the film. The most intriguing aspect of the film is the similarity between Yu Ji’s life and Cheng’s. As Director Chen explains in an interview with BOMB Magazine, â€Å"He (Cheng) blurs the distinction between theater and life, male and female. He’s addicted to his art. He’s a tragic man who only wants to pursue an ideal of beautyRead MoreDrag Culture Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most well known drag queens in todays times, â€Å"If you can’t love yourself, how in the hell are you gonna love someone else.† Since the 1500s, men can be seen dressing up as women for entertainment and comedic effect, but since then drag has evolved from just grand performances to a symbol for acceptance and individuality. Recently, drag has been dissected and looked at under a microscope by those who only see what is on the sparkly surface. What has been found is that drag culture is much moreRead MoreThe Complicated Politics Of Gender Identity Essay3466 Words   |  14 PagesSecond Eclogue traditionally said to express his own ardent desire for handsome young Alexis was standard reading for Renaissance schoolboys throughout Europe. Inspired by classical ideals of physical beauty embodied in surviving sculptures, the visual arts cultivated a new esthetic of an atomically realistic and sensuous human corporeality, with much androgynous or muscular male nudity, sometimes directly treating homophile or homoerotic subjects. Such cultural conditions would support Mario DiGangi’sRead MoreSummary : Tigress 10460 Words   |  42 Pagessurviving subspecies. Males attain a total nose-to-tail length of 270 to 310 cm (110 to 120 in) and weigh between 180 to 258 kg (397 to 569 lb), while females range from 240 to 265 cm (94 to 104 in) and 100 to 160 kg (220 to 350 lb).[17][18] In northern India and Nepal, the average is larger; males can weigh up to 235 kilograms (518 lb), while females average 140 kilograms (310 lb).[19] Coat color varies from light yellow to reddish yellow with black stripes.[20] Tigerramki.jpg Indochinese tiger (P